Beykoz on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus is an
attractive district with wooded hills behind. It was here that one
of Turkey’s first factories was established in 1810, the Sümerbank
Leather and Shoe Factory, which is still in operation today. This
enormous complex built on 18 hectares of land is not visible from
the road, but its historic buildings are a landmark to those passing
by motorboat or ferry along the strait.
The Ottoman government established the factory
primarily to make army boots but also shoes for sale to the
public. Its original name was Tabakhane-i Klevehane-i Amire
(Imperial Tannery) but in 1816 this was changed to Beykoz Teçhizat-ı
Askeriye Fabrikası (Military Equipment Factory). Today the factory
continues to make shoes and boots, mainly for the army but also as
government issue for other state employees, and to a small extent
for public sale, with a workforce of 800 people.
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In his book about the traditional Turkish leather
industry, Prof Önder Küçükerman explains that during the reign
of Selim III (1789-1807) it was proposed to encourage industrial
development in Beykoz because of the area’s abundant water
sources, and the first tannery was established here early in the
century. When the expansion into the mass manufacture of shoes,
saddlery and other leather articles was proposed, the shoreline
area between Hünkar Pier and Servi headland was earmarked for the
building of diverse leather production plants.
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In 1810 a private individual named Hamza Efendi built
a tannery at Beykoz which was subsequently taken over by the
government and turned into a factory to manufacture cartridge belts,
pouches and harnesses for the army, hence the change of name in
1816. In 1826 we find the Beykoz factory producing handmade army
boots from goat leather. In 1827 the first steam driven machinery
was installed at the factory, and in 1856 army boots, cavalry
boots and harnesses produced there were exhibited at the Paris
International Exposition. A By 1870 the factory was producing 300
pairs of boots per day, and at the international exhibition in
Venice boots produced at the Beykoz factory were awarded a gold
medal. In 1912, at the instigation of Grand Vezir Mahmud Şevket Paşa,
two 90 horsepower diesel engines and a new steam boiler were
installed, increasing the factory’s daily output to 1000 pairs
of boots.
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We were shown around the factory by technical
manager Ali Karcıer, who has worked here for 22 years. The
factory’s fascinating collection of shoes and boots produced
here over the past 180 years illustrates the changes in technique
and design during this time. The factory has produced an
extraordinary range of footwear: boots for walking in ice and snow
designed for the harsh climate of eastern Turkey, boots designed for
desert warfare, wooden soled security shoes,
waterproof hunting boots, and even ladies’ evening
shoes studded with costume gems.
Factory manager Niyazi Usta explained that the
factory has largely given up commercial production altogether
today, focusing solely on the needs of army and government
employees, for whom it manufactures 500,000 pairs of boots and
shoes a year.
The factory is a subsidiary of Sümer Holding, a
state owned corporation which has three other shoe factories, all in
eastern Turkey, in Sarıkamış, Van and Tercan. Since these
factories opened, the Istanbul factory in Beykoz has only produced
boots when demand outstripped supply, and women and children’s
shoes are now the preserve of the Tercan factory.
The collection of footwear dating from the 19th and
20th centuries, old machinery, and innumerable photographs and
documents at the Beykoz factory would provide material for a shoe
museum. Although no work has started on the archive, factory
employee Salih Kırtorun has organized a small ‘history corner’
in the factory displaying some of the historical objects it
contains, such as leather working tools, the bells once used instead
of today’s siren, lanterns, stamps and scales.
Technical manager Karcıer took us to the leather
processing workshops, which were closed down last year because their
waste water was polluting the Bosphorus. Opposite these are
buildings constructed by British engineers which are now used
as warehouses. Walking amongst the workshops we came
across small marble wall fountains dating from Ottoman times.
In
another building further on we saw a gigantic German made
steam driven machine, whose place should really be in the Science
Museum.
Among the old photographs which Niyazi Usta had shown
us was one of workers using this machine. Although time has stopped
in the leather workshops, the shoe production shops are still in
operation. Most of the workers live in and around Beykoz, and in
many cases their fathers and grandfathers worked at the factory. In
the past, workers lived in various districts of the city and there
was a regular ferry service from Eminönü on the other side of the
Bosphorus, but today the factory’s motorboats carry just a handful
of personnel from Yeniköy every day, as well as being used for
other factory business. We boarded one of these boats with Karcıer
to look at the factory buildings from the sea. Beside the pier is a
small park with an ornamental pool where the workers spend their tea
breaks and lunch hour in fine weather, and from here an abandoned
railway line leads to the shoe workshops.
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The Bosphorus ferries no longer call at Hünkar
pier in Beykoz, the tea break is sounded with a siren instead of a
bell, and the workers use modern computerized machinery instead of
steam driven machines. Times have changed, but fortunately the
memorabilia of the past has not been swept away, remaining to
illustrate the story of industrial development as encapsulated in
the Beykoz Leather and Shoe Factory.
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